α-Ketoglutaric acid, with the CAS number 328-50-7, is a naturally occurring organic compound, also known as 2-Oxoglutaric acid or α-Ketoglutarate. Its molecular formula is C₅H₆O₅, and its molecular weight is 146.10 g/mol. As a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, it plays an essential role in cellular energy metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis, featuring high chemical reactivity and good biocompatibility, making it widely applied in pharmaceuticals, food additives, biochemistry research, and cosmetic fields.
Physically, α-Ketoglutaric acid appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder or granular solid. It has a melting point of approximately 113-115℃ and is highly soluble in water, forming a clear aqueous solution, while soluble in polar organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol, and slightly soluble in dimethylformamide. It is odorless, with moderate hygroscopicity and good stability under normal temperature and pressure when stored properly, facilitating easy handling, storage, and formulation into various dosage forms or solutions.
Chemically, it is a dicarboxylic acid with a ketone group at the α-position, which is the core functional group determining its properties. It is a weak acid, capable of participating in redox reactions, decarboxylation, and condensation reactions. As a central metabolite in the TCA cycle, it connects carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, serving as a precursor for the synthesis of glutamic acid, glutamine, and other amino acids. It is stable under weakly acidic conditions but may undergo decomposition under strong alkali or high-temperature environments.
Its core applications span multiple fields. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as a raw material for preparing nutritional supplements, liver-protective agents, and metabolic regulators, helping to improve cellular energy metabolism and support physiological function. In food additives, it is used as a flavor enhancer and nutritional fortifier, adding a sour taste and supplementing essential metabolites.
In biochemistry research, it is a key biochemical reagent for studying the TCA cycle, cellular metabolism, and enzyme activity, widely used in cell culture and metabolic pathway analysis. In cosmetics, it is incorporated into skin care products to promote cell renewal and maintain skin vitality. Safety-wise, it is generally recognized as safe under normal handling and dosage, non-toxic and non-irritating. It should be stored in a sealed, cool, dry, and dark environment, away from oxidants, moisture, and high temperatures to prevent decomposition. With its essential physiological functions and versatile applications, it is an important raw material in life science and related industries.
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